Estonia

Europe & Central Asia·High incomeOECDEU

Population: 1.37M; 155th of 217
GDP: $42.8B; 104th of 214 · 2024
GDP per capita: $31,170; 54th of 214 · 2024
Life expectancy: 78.5; 60th of 217
Human development: 0.89; 30th of 189 · 2021

Benchmarked against

Estonia

Czechia

Lithuania

Portugal

Slovenia

Default peers are drawn from region, income, and bloc membership — swap in any country you like. The gray tick on each strip is the world median.

high-income, service-based EU and eurozone economy; rebound in exports playing a role in economic recovery; rising food prices contributing to inflation; decrease in labor force participation and rising unemployment rate; recovery depends on boosting private investment and productivity rates

Area: 45,228 km²
Languages: Estonian (official) 67.2%, Russian 28.5%, other 3.7%, unspecified 0.6% (2021est.)
Resources: oil shale, peat, rare earth elements, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite…
Borders: Latvia; Russia

Religion

who identifies with what, 2020

world view →

Christian52.6%▼ 8.6pt
Unaffiliated43.6%▲ 12.1pt
Other2.8%▼ 3.6pt
Muslim0.6%

Religious diversity: 6.21 / 10 · high · 22nd of 193

Change markers show percentage-point shifts from 2010 to 2020 · Pew Research Center, Religious Composition 2010–2020.

Score card

quartile grades among all countries with data

A · Top quartileB · Above medianC · Below medianD · Bottom quartile

Topic

EST

CZE

LTU

PRT

GDP

current US$

$42.8B–––

GDP per capita

current US$

–––

GDP per capita, PPP

international $

–––

GDP growth

annual %

–––

GNI per capita

Atlas method, US$

–––

Inflation

GDP deflator, annual %

–––

FDI inflows

current US$

-$3.5B–––

Merchandise trade

% of GDP

96.3%–––

Agriculture value added

% of GDP

1.9%–––

Industry value added

% of GDP

20.5%–––

Unemployment

% of labor force

–––

Gini index

0–100

–––

Extreme poverty

% below $2.15/day

–––

Population

people

1.37M–––

Population density

people per km²

31.6–––

Urban population

% of total

69.8%–––

Life expectancy

years at birth

–––

Fertility rate

births per woman

1.3–––

Net migration

people

-7,742–––

Population under 15

% of total

15.6%–––

Population 65+

% of total

21.3%–––

Infant mortality

per 1,000 live births

–––

Under-5 mortality

per 1,000 live births

–––

Health expenditure

% of GDP

7%–––

Physicians

per 1,000 people

–––

Adult literacy

% ages 15+

–––

Education expenditure

% of GDP

5.3%–––

Tertiary enrollment

% gross

–––

Safe drinking water

% of population

–––

Internet users

% of population

–––

Mobile subscriptions

per 100 people

–––

Fixed broadband

per 100 people

–––

Secure internet servers

per 1M people

–––

Access to electricity

% of population

–––

Energy use per capita

kWh

41K–––

Electricity per capita

kWh

4,461.4–––

Electricity generation

TWh

6.1–––

Renewable electricity

% of generation

–––

Fossil electricity

% of generation

–––

CO₂ emissions

Mt per year

–––

CO₂ per capita

t per person

–––

Share of global CO₂

0%–––

GHG per capita

t CO₂e per person

–––

Electoral democracy

V-Dem, 0–1

–––

Liberal democracy

V-Dem, 0–1

–––

Corruption perceptions

CPI, 0–100

–––

Control of corruption

WGI, −2.5 to 2.5

–––

Government effectiveness

WGI, −2.5 to 2.5

–––

Rule of law

WGI, −2.5 to 2.5

–––

Political stability

WGI, −2.5 to 2.5

–––

Women's political empowerment

V-Dem, 0–1

–––

Emancipative values

Welzel index, 0–1

0.387–––

Secular values

Welzel index, 0–1

0.422–––

Importance of God

mean, 1–10

4.06–––

Acceptance of homosexuality

justifiable, 1–10

3.75–––

Acceptance of abortion

justifiable, 1–10

5.56–––

Acceptance of divorce

justifiable, 1–10

6.3–––

Bribery seen as justifiable

1–10

–––

Tax cheating seen as justifiable

1–10

–––

Men should get jobs first

% agreeing

9.8%–––

Men make better leaders

agree, 1–4

2.24–––

Wouldn't want neighbors of another race

% mentioning

16.5%–––

Wouldn't want immigrant neighbors

% mentioning

28.2%–––

Children should learn independence

% mentioning

27.2%–––

Children should learn obedience

% mentioning

19.7%–––

Environment over economy

% choosing environment

71%–––

Luck matters more than work

1–10

5.13–––

Religious diversity

Pew RDI, 0–10

6.21–––

Religiously unaffiliated

% of population

43.6%–––

Most people can be trusted

% agreeing

–––

Confidence in government

mean, 1–4

2.36–––

Confidence in the press

mean, 1–4

2.16–––

Confidence in courts

mean, 1–4

2.7–––

Support for a strong leader

good system, 1–4

1.71–––

Importance of democracy

mean, 1–10

8.65–––

National pride

mean, 1–4

3.39–––

Would fight for country

% yes

71.3%–––

Interest in politics

mean, 1–4

2.46–––

Human Development Index

UNDP, 0–1

–––

Gender inequality

GII, 0–1

–––

Happiness

Cantril ladder, 0–10

–––

Freedom & control over life

mean, 1–10

–––

Life satisfaction

mean, 1–10

–––

Global Peace Index

1–5

–––

Military expenditure

% of GDP

2.9%–––

Economy & Trade

Output, growth, prices, and openness

theme overview →

GDP

current US$

#104/214

$42.8B2024

GDP per capita

current US$

#54/214

$31,1702024

GDP per capita, PPP

international $

#49/203

$46,790latest

GDP growth

annual %

#192/214

-0.3%2024

GNI per capita

Atlas method, US$

#50/207

$28,7002024

Inflation

GDP deflator, annual %

#104/213

3.7%2024

FDI inflows

current US$

#191/201

-$3.5B2024

Merchandise trade

% of GDP

#33/205

96.3%2024

Agriculture value added

% of GDP

#156/206

1.9%2024

Industry value added

% of GDP

#129/208

20.5%2024

Unemployment

% of labor force

#118/187

6.4%latest

Gini index

0–100

#48/168

32.3latest

Extreme poverty

% below $2.15/day

#46/168

0.5%latest

People & Society

Population structure, urbanization, and migration

theme overview →

Population

people

#155/217

1.37Mlatest

Population density

people per km²

#169/216

31.6latest

Urban population

% of total

#89/215

69.8%latest

Life expectancy

years at birth

#60/217

78.5latest

Fertility rate

births per woman

#193/217

1.3latest

Net migration

people

#150/217

-7,7422024

Population under 15

% of total

#175/217

15.6%2024

Population 65+

% of total

#21/217

21.3%2024

Health & Education

Longevity, mortality, learning, and public spending

theme overview →

Infant mortality

per 1,000 live births

#2/196

1.6latest

Under-5 mortality

per 1,000 live births

#2/196

2.1latest

Health expenditure

% of GDP

#87/192

7%latest

Physicians

per 1,000 people

#41/195

3.4latest

Adult literacy

% ages 15+

#11/160

99.9%latest

Education expenditure

% of GDP

#49/199

5.3%latest

Tertiary enrollment

% gross

#47/194

71.4%latest

Safe drinking water

% of population

#42/139

97%latest

Connectivity

Internet, mobile, and digital infrastructure

theme overview →

Internet users

% of population

#37/210

93.2%latest

Mobile subscriptions

per 100 people

#31/214

150.22023

Fixed broadband

per 100 people

#41/208

35.32023

Secure internet servers

per 1M people

#13/215

139K2024

Access to electricity

% of population

#36/215

100%latest

Energy & Climate

Energy use, electricity mix, and emissions

theme overview →

Energy use per capita

kWh

#31/198

41K2024

Electricity per capita

kWh

#65/202

4,461.42024

Electricity generation

TWh

#119/202

6.12024

Renewable electricity

% of generation

#61/202

56.7%2024

Fossil electricity

% of generation

#74/202

43.3%2024

CO₂ emissions

Mt per year

#88/204

8.32024

CO₂ per capita

t per person

#156/204

6.12024

Share of global CO₂

#114/204

0%2024

GHG per capita

t CO₂e per person

#155/193

9.82023

Governance & Democracy

Democratic institutions, corruption, and rule of law

theme overview →

Electoral democracy

V-Dem, 0–1

#5/172

0.8932022

Liberal democracy

V-Dem, 0–1

#5/172

0.8472022

Corruption perceptions

CPI, 0–100

#14/178

742022

Control of corruption

WGI, −2.5 to 2.5

#19/193

1.542022

Government effectiveness

WGI, −2.5 to 2.5

#21/193

1.342022

Rule of law

WGI, −2.5 to 2.5

#21/193

1.432022

Political stability

WGI, −2.5 to 2.5

#49/193

0.7242022

Women's political empowerment

V-Dem, 0–1

#16/172

0.9352022

Values & Beliefs

What people hold sacred, permit, and pass on — from 40 years of World Values Survey interviews

theme overview →

Emancipative values

Welzel index, 0–1

#74/104

0.3872011

Secular values

Welzel index, 0–1

#30/105

0.4222011

Importance of God

mean, 1–10

#108/113

4.062018

Acceptance of homosexuality

justifiable, 1–10

#47/112

3.752018

Acceptance of abortion

justifiable, 1–10

#18/114

5.562018

Acceptance of divorce

justifiable, 1–10

#27/114

6.32018

Bribery seen as justifiable

1–10

#24/114

1.42018

Tax cheating seen as justifiable

1–10

#61/111

2.142018

Men should get jobs first

% agreeing

#99/113

9.8%2018

Men make better leaders

agree, 1–4

#63/109

2.242018

Wouldn't want neighbors of another race

% mentioning

#56/112

16.5%2018

Wouldn't want immigrant neighbors

% mentioning

#36/112

28.2%2018

Children should learn independence

% mentioning

#102/114

27.2%2018

Children should learn obedience

% mentioning

#80/114

19.7%2018

Environment over economy

% choosing environment

#18/110

71%2018

Luck matters more than work

1–10

#26/109

5.132011

Religious diversity

Pew RDI, 0–10

#22/193

6.212020

Religiously unaffiliated

% of population

#12/193

43.6%2020

Trust & Institutions

Who people trust, and how much faith they place in government, press, and courts

theme overview →

Most people can be trusted

% agreeing

#28/114

34.4%2018

Confidence in government

mean, 1–4

#47/112

2.362018

Confidence in the press

mean, 1–4

#71/113

2.162018

Confidence in courts

mean, 1–4

#38/110

2.72018

Support for a strong leader

good system, 1–4

#100/111

1.712018

Importance of democracy

mean, 1–10

#39/104

8.652018

National pride

mean, 1–4

#77/114

3.392018

Would fight for country

% yes

#54/113

71.3%2018

Interest in politics

mean, 1–4

#41/114

2.462018

Development & Wellbeing

Composite measures of how life is going

theme overview →

Human Development Index

UNDP, 0–1

#30/189

0.892021

Gender inequality

GII, 0–1

#28/170

0.12021

Happiness

Cantril ladder, 0–10

#46/164

6.412025

Freedom & control over life

mean, 1–10

#60/113

7.132018

Life satisfaction

mean, 1–10

#55/114

7.232018

Global Peace Index

1–5

#25/158

1.562023

Military expenditure

% of GDP

#35/161

2.9%latest

Explore any measure in depth on its own page — try GDP per capita or electoral democracy.